(Mumluk Dynasty & The Contribution of Mukluk Rulers1206-1290 A.D)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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1.
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2.
Abstract
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3.
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4.
Historical Background
5.
Slave Dynasty-Qutub-ud-din Aibak (1206-1210
A.D)
6.
Aibak and his early Career
7.
Aibak Conquest
8.
Marriage
9.
Achievement as a conqueror
10. As a Founder of
Independent Muslim Empire
11. As an administrator
12. As and patron of art and
literature
13.
Death
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14. |
15. (ARAM
SHAH 1210-1211 A.D)
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16. |
17. ALTMASH OR ILTUMTMISH 1211-1235
18. The accession of Throne:-
19. Difficulties after his
succession 20. AltmashConquest:- 21. Suppression of Khiljis in Bengal:-
22. Mongol Invasion:-
23. Achievements of Altmash |
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24. |
25. Rukunuddin Firoz 1235-1236
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26. |
27. Razia Begum 1236-1239 A.D |
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28. |
29. Bahram 1239-42 &Masud 1242-46 A.D |
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30. |
31. Ghias-ud-din Balban 1266-1286 A.D 32. Successors
of Balban:- 33. Checking
the Mongol Invasion:- 34. Suppression
of the Hindus Revolts:- 35. Balban’s
work during the reign of Nasir-ud-din:- |
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36. |
37. Bulban’sSucessors |
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38. |
39. Conclusion |
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40. |
41. Work Citation |
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Abstract
Mamluk Dynasty (Slave
Dynasty) was the first Muslim Dynasty in Sub-Continent, in this Dynasty 10
Sultan (Rulers) of the Mamluk Dynasty ruled from (1206-1290). However, three
Sultans were capable i.e. Qutub-ud-din Aibak, Altmash, and Rukun-ud-din, of
Mumluk Dynast that mentioned in the research work. However, other Sultans of
the Muluk Dynasty were not capable and efficient in the administration, they
were always busy quarreling with each other. We do not find any major
development in their era. Being a part of history, their name and era are
mentioned.
Research work focused on how Qutub-ud-din Aibak founded the
empire? Qutub-ud-din Aibak as a military General of Mahmud Ghori, the
achievement of Qutub-ud-din Aibak. Then the other part of the research work
elaborates Aram shah, his tenure, and his replacement. Then Altmash the second
important ruler of the Mamluk Dynasty elaborates in detail, and Rukun-ud-din,
and the achievement. A critical overview of Razia Begum, Bahram Shah, and Masud
khan is presented in this research work.
Then Nasir-ud-din Dervish king of India also
elaborated his way of living, his work is mentioned, then the last powerful
ruler of Mukluk Dynasty Ghiasuddin elaborated in details how he came, and no
one knows this ugly slave one day will become the popular ruler of India. The
achievement of how he organized conspiracy against the Razia and help her
brother in succeeding the throne, then his next tenure as a capable minister
with Nasir-Uddin is also mentioned. How he checked the Mongol invasion and
crushed the Hindu revolt. Finally, I concluded the research work.
Historical Background: -
Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi
and Muhammad Ghori were two great invaders who tried to conquer the
sub-continent at different times. Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi failed to the
conquered whole of India, but Muhammad Ghori and his fellows tried to defeat
Chuhans and they were successful, in 1193 Muhammad Ghori defeated Chuhans.[1]
Slave Dynasty-Qutub-ud-din Aibak (1206-1210 A.D):-
Muslim Rulers used a
large number of slaves for their services. Some of them were most dear to the
sultan than his sons, due to loyalty, Muhammad Ghori had no son, he considered
Qutub-ud-din Aibak like his sons, he was the most loyal slave of Sultans,
Sultan had proud of his extraordinary ability. After the defeat of Prithivi
Raj, Muhammad Ghori became the master of Northern India. He appointed Abaik as
an administrator of the new conquest, Aibak not only administrated the new
conquest but also extended the territory of the new empire. He conquered the
Gangetic Doab, defeated Parmal, the Chandel Raj of Kalinjar.[2]
Aibak and his early Career: -
Muhammad Ghori
appointed his most trustful and loyal slave Aibak as viceroy of northern Indian
from 1192-1206, After the death of Muhammad Ghori, his empire distributed among
his military Generals relatives and slaves, because he had no son, In India Aibak
declared himself as an independent ruler of India. He was most successful than
others, due to his name his Dynasty called the Slave Dynasty.
AibakConquest: -
Qutub-ud-din was not
only a great administrator but was a great general, he captured Hasni, Delhi
and Meerut, etc. He conquers Gwalior and compelled Hindu ruler to pay heavy
tribute, he captured two fortresses Kalinjar and Mahoba. He also plunders many
temples. So, he helped his master by extending the terrorist of the
empire.
Marriage: -
He married the
daughter of Taj-ud-din Yulduz, Slave General of Muhummad Ghori.
He gave his sister in
marriage to Nazir-ud-din Qubachah, chief of Sind.
Achievement as a conqueror:
-
He was a great
military leader, he conquered Hansi, Delhi, Meerut, Ranthambhor, Koil, Banaras,
and Gujrat, and he included in his kingdom.[3]
As a Founder of
Independent Muslim Empire: -
From the humble
position of a slave, he reached the position of independent ruler of the Muslim
empire. He received the title of “Sultan of Delhi, from Ghiyas-ud-din
Mahmud” the successor of Mahmud Ghori, “so Sultan became the title of
Muslim rulers of Delhi and period up to 1526 called Sultanate Period”.
As an administrator:
-
He was a successful
administrator. According to Hasan Nizami, “He administered the country
well, dispersed equal handed justice to the people and exerted himself to
promote peace and prosperity of the kingdom”.
As and patron of
art and literature: -
He was also a patron
of art and literature. He built two mosques one at Delhi known as
Quwwat-ul-Islam and the other at Ajmer. Material that was used in construction
was brought from demolishing temples. He also built the famous Minar was known
as Qutub Minar, which was completed by the Altmash period.
Death:-
In November 1210,
Qutub-ud-din Aibak was playing polo at Lahore, He fell from his horse, got
injured in an accident he died.[4]
(ARAM SHAH 1210-1211 A.D)
After the death of Qutub-ud-din
Aibak his son Aram Shah succeeded. But he proved incompetent and inefficient.
During his reign, Gwalior and Ranthambhor declared their independence. Ruler of
Multan and Sind and Taj-ud-din Yulduz of Ghazni refused to accept him as a
ruler of India. They invited Aibak’s son-in-law Altmash to ascend the throne,
Altmash soon responded and ascended the throne with the help of supporter and
nobles of the Ghazni Empire.
ALTMASH OR ILTUMTMISH 1211-1235
Altmash was born in
Turkistan. He left his home at an early age due to ill-treatment he received at
the hand of relatives, he wondered place to place then he reached Delhi court.
He impressed Qutub ud-din Aibak so much he married his daughter and made him
the governor of Dadaun.
The accession of Throne: -
In 1210 A.D Altmash
was serving in Dadaun as a governor he heard the news of the death of his
father-in-law, Aibak. Aram Shah was set up on the throne with the help of Amirs
of court, but he was proved incompetent and he set aside in favor of Altmash.
Historian Minhaj remarked... “a king so benevolent, sympathetic, reverent
to the learned and the old, ever rose by his efforts to the cradle of the
empire of Delhi.” some historians believe that he was a usurper. According
to Ibn-Batuta, “Altmash was, in fact, the first independent Sultan
of Delhi.” Altmash was the ablest person. Historian Habib “also
regarded as the real ruler of Delhi.”
Difficulties after his succession: -
At the time of
accession to the throne, Altmash faced many difficulties. The new Muslim empire
was threatened with disruption. Some issues are mentioned below: -
Ø
Altmash had no hereditary claim to the throne.
Ø
Secondly, he was himself a slave, according to Muslim law “no
slave could ever occupy a throne.”Thirdly there were some equal
powerful nobles, they also rose as the equal position of king.[5]
Ø
Nasir ud-din Qubachah the ruler of Sind and Multan and
Taj-ud-din Yulduz the ruler of Ghazni refused to recognized Altmash as
King.
Ø
Fourthly some Muslim generals Ali Mardan the governor of Bihar
and Bengal were ruling as independent rulers.
Despite so many difficulties but he proves equal to the
situation, first he secure Delhi by suppressing the rebellion of the Amirs, and
bringing all neighboring provinces under his control. He then defeated the Taj
ud-din Yulduz ruler of Ghazni, who had invaded Punjab, and took him, prisoner.
The ambitions of Nasir ud-din was also baffled. The Khiljis and the Malik of
Bengal and Bihar were reduced, and the sultan's authority was enforced over the
Hindustan.
AltmashConquest: -
- First
Altmash turned his arms against the Hindu Chiefs.
- Ratambhor
and Gwalior were recaptured.
- The
Sultan invaded Malwa, the fort of Bhils and Ujjain.
- He
also defeated two powerful opponents Taj-ud-din Yulduz and Nasir ud-din
Qubachah, both died.
- Nasir
ud-din Qubachah captured some areas of Punjab, Sultan declared war
against, Nasir ud-din defeated, he tried to run to save his life but was
drowned in the river.
Suppression of Khiljis in Bengal: -
Ali Mardan declared
himself an independent ruler. Altmash sent an army against Khilji. Ghiasuddin
submitted and promised to pay tribute. When the royal forces came back, they
refused to pay, at that time he appointed Nasiruddin Mahmud governor of Oudh to
march against them. Ali’s Mardan successor Ghiasuddin was defeated and the
Bengal completely became a part of the Delhi Sultanate.[6]
Mongol Invasion:-
During the time of
Altmash most terrible danger threatened India. Chinghiz Khan dreaded leader of
the Mongols advanced as far as the Indus in pursuit of Jalal-ud-din
the fugitive prince of Khiva who sought refuge at the court of Delhi.Altmash refused to comply with the unwelcome guest.
Jalal-ud-din after plundering Sind and Gujrat move to Persia. Thereupon
Chinghiz Khan returns and India spread the horror of the Mongol invasion 1221
A.D. Altmash's last campaign was subjugating the Khokhars of the Salt
Range. But on his way to Delhi, he fell ill and died on April 29, 1236
A.D.
Achievements of Altmash:-
Ø
He added lower Sind and part of Malwa in the empire.
Ø
He left monuments both at Delhi and Ajmer displaying his taste
in architecture.
Ø
He was regarded as a real founder of the Muslim Dynasty in
India.[7]
Ø
Altmash was the first ruler who shifted the capital from Lahore
to Delhi that became the capital of all Muslim rulers.
Ø
He was also a clever Diplomat, due to his diplomacy after the
death of Aibak he succeeded the throne, he also received rob of honor from the Khalifa
and this strengthening his position.
Ø
He was also a great builder he completed the Qutub Minar and the
Qutbi Masjid. [8]
Rukunuddin Firoz 1235-1236
Altmash nominated his
daughter for the throne, but after the death of Altmash his son Rakunuddin
Firoz ascended the throne, he proved incompetent, he spends his time drinking
wines and adopted luxuries, spend money on horses,
a council of forty slaves was established they divided the
department of the state. After the short tenure of six months, Rukunuddin Firoz
was removed from his position and put to death. The council of forty members
was stood in favor of Razia Begum, she was nominated by the members as ruler.[9]
Razia Begum
1236-1239 A.D
Razia Begum was a wise
lady, whenever her father was away from Delhi; she managed all the affairs of
the state. She showed the great qualities of administration. He took part in a
campaign against the Hindu and the rebellious Muslim chiefs. [10] But her sex was
against her. Her performance for the Abyssinian Yaqut was though innocent. A
revolt broke out she was captured and was taken as a prisoner by Altima the
rebel governor of Sirhind. However, she married him and then with her husband
tried to occupy the lost throne with her brother Bahram. She fought two bloody
battles along with her husband and both were put to death in 1240. Razia’s
reign lasted three years and some months, but she was a capable Muslim woman
ruler.
Bahram 1239-42 &Masud
1242-46 A.D
After the Razia Begum, her brother Bahram Shah ascend the
throne in 1239 A.D. During his time in 1241 A.D Mongol once again appeared. They Marched up to
Lahore and massacred a large number of people, they plundered the town. So,
faced so many trebles, after the brief reign of two years Bahram Shah was
murdered in 1242 A.D. after the death of Bahram Shah Masud came, Masud seems to
have become imbecile over wine and women. On June 10, 1246, Masud was deposed
and Nasir Uddin Mahmud the youngest son of Altmash was raised to the throne.
(Nasir-ud-din
Mahmud 1246-66 A.D)
Nasiruddin Mahmud was
a pious, kind-hearted, and God-fearing ruler. He was also known as a Darvesh
King in the history of India. He never gave himself to pleasure, he earns his
living by writing the Holy verses and selling them to the people. He did not
want to be a ruler, but it was the requirement of the time, that he nominated
being the youngest son of Altmash. He left the state affairs in the hand of his
father-in-law Ghias-ud-din Balban who had been a slave of Altmash. During his
tenure Mongols also again invaded India.[11] Balban was a capable
minister and he served twenty years with Nasir Uddin Mahmud, Balban introduced
policies to check on Mongol.
(Ghias-ud-din Balban 1266-1286 A.D)
Balban was a Turk of
Albana Tribe. He was caught by the Mongols, they sold him to a merchant of
Basra. When the merchant came into Delhi, he brought Balban with him. At
Balban’s request, Altmash bought. Initially, he was appointed as a water
carrier or “bhishti” but very soon he rose to the position of a personal
attendant of the Sultan. During Razia’s reign, he was appointed as
Amir-i-shikar or lord of Hunt. Initially, he was loyal to Razia, but when she
began to show her affection for an Abyssinian slave Yaqut, he organized a
conspiracy against her and played a very important role to overthrow her, and
helped her brother to the throne. Bahram rewarded his jagir.
Balban’s work during the reign of Nasir-ud-din:-
Balban served twenty
years with Nasir-ud-din Mahmud, he proved a very capable minister. Nasir-ud-din
spent his time in writing the copies of the Holy Quran, the affairs of state
managed by the Balban.
Suppression of the Hindus Revolts:-
When Nasir-ud-din
Mahmud came to the throne Hindus declared independence. Balban crushed the
revolt of Ranthambore, Gwalior, Chanderi, and Malwa.
Checking the Mongol Invasion:-
After the invasion of
Changez Khan, Mongols were settled in Northern India. They invaded Punjab, in
1245, Balban constructed a large number of the fort, deployed
efficient soldiers, and drove them away from Punjab.[12]
Successors of Balban:-
After the death of
Balban, Kaiqubad ascended the throne at the age of seventeen, he was
incompetent many revolts and conspiracies were organized against him, at least
he was killed.[13]
Conclusion:-
Mamluk Dynasty was the
first Muslim Dynasty in India. Aibak led the foundation new Muslim Empire after
that six Muslim Dynasties were established, Mamluk rulers faced so many
internal and external threat, sometimes they faced Mongol threat, their
invasion, plundering and massacring the innocent people, and some time they
faced rebellion activates in the empires, many provinces declared they're
independent, they were captured again by the next rulers.
However, three rulers
were capable i.eAibak, Altmash, and Balban, Other periods were not significant,
we do not see any major development in the educational field, most of the time
Mumluk Dynasty faced an internal and external threat. Even they do not follow
Islam, it was an Islamic empire only by name, only one ruler Nasir ud-din
Mahmud of Mamluk Dynasty were a very kind and Dervish king, who follow Islam,
he spent his time writing the copies of Holy Quran, no other King in the
History of India did like this. When the art talk, only Qutub ud-din Aibak, and
Altmash constructed two mosques and one Minar, even in this period history was
only written by Nasir ud-din Mahmud.
Works
Cited
Kalhoro, Javed. "Mumluk Dynasty." Nationa
University of Modern Languages. Islamabad, 2020.
Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam. 2002. History of Medieval
India From 1000 A.D To 1707 A.D. Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and
Distribution.
Kalhoro, Javed. 2020. "Mumluk Dynasty." Nationa
University of Modern Languages. Islamabad.
Ibid,.
p. 4.
Ibid,.
p. 5.
Ibid,.
p. 6.
Ibid,.
p. 7.
Ibid,.
p. 8.
Ibid,.
p. 9.
Ibid,.
p. 11.
Ibid,.
p. 13.
Ibid,.
p. 14.
Ibid,.
p. 21.
Ibid,.
p. 25.
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